Dokumentationen » Linux Dateisystem
ein grober überblick über das linix-filesystem und welche applikationen
standardmässig wo zu finden sind.
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard May 23, 2001
/ the root directory
bin Essential command binaries
boot Static files of the boot loader
dev Device files
etc Host-specific system configuration
home User home directories (optional)
lib Essential shared libraries and kernel modules
mnt Mount point for mounting a filesystem temporarily
opt Add-on application software packages
root Home directory for the root user (optional)
sbin Essential system binaries
tmp Temporary files
usr Secondary hierarchy
var Variable data
The following commands, or symbolic links to commands, are required in /bin:
cat Utility to concatenate files to standard output
chgrp Utility to change file group ownership
chmod Utility to change file access permissions
chown Utility to change file owner and group
Command binaries that are not essential enough to place into /bin must be placed
in /usr/bin, instead. Items that are required only by non-root users (the X
Window System, chsh, etc.) are generally not essential enough to be placed into
the root partition:
cp Utility to copy files and directories
date Utility to print or set the system data and time
dd Utility to convert and copy a file
df Utility to report filesystem disk space usage
dmesg Utility to print or control the kernel message buffer
echo Utility to display a line of text
false Utility to do nothing, unsuccessfully
hostname Utility to show or set the system's host name
kill Utility to send signals to processes
ln Utility to make links between files
login Utility to begin a session on the system
ls Utility to list directory contents
mkdir Utility to make directories
mknod Utility to make block or character special files
more Utility to page through text
mount Utility to mount a filesystem
mv Utility to move/rename files
ps Utility to report process status
pwd Utility to print name of current working directory
rm Utility to remove files or directories
rmdir Utility to remove empty directories
sed The `sed' stream editor
sh The Bourne command shell
stty Utility to change and print terminal line settings
su Utility to change user ID
sync Utility to flush filesystem buffers
true Utility to do nothing, successfully
umount Utility to unmount file systems
uname Utility to print system information
The following programs, or symbolic links to programs, must be in /bin if the
corresponding subsystem is installed:
csh The C shell (optional)
ed The `ed' editor (optional)
tar The tar archiving utility (optional)
cpio The cpio archiving utility (optional)
gzip The GNU compression utility (optional)
gunzip The GNU uncompression utility (optional)
zcat The GNU uncompression utility (optional)
netstat The network statistics utility (optional)
ping The ICMP network test utility (optional)
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories must be in /etc, if
the corresponding subsystem is installed:
X11 Configuration for the X Window System (optional)
sgml Configuration for SGML and XML (optional)
The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in /etc if the
corresponding subsystem is installed:
csh.login Systemwide initialization file for C shell logins (optional)
exports NFS filesystem access control list (optional)
fstab Static information about filesystems (optional)
ftpusers FTP daemon user access control list (optional)
gateways File which lists gateways for routed (optional)
gettydefs Speed and terminal settings used by getty (optional)
group User group file (optional)
host.conf Resolver configuration file (optional)
hosts Static information about host names (optional)
hosts.allow Host access file for TCP wrappers (optional)
hosts.deny Host access file for TCP wrappers (optional)
hosts.equiv List of trusted hosts for rlogin, rsh, rcp (optional)
hosts.lpd List of trusted hosts for lpd (optional)
inetd.conf Configuration file for inetd (optional)
inittab Configuration file for init (optional)
issue Pre-login message and identification file (optional)
ld.so.conf List of extra directories to search for shared libraries (optional)
motd Post-login message of the day file (optional)
mtab Dynamic information about filesystems (optional)
mtools.conf Configuration file for mtools (optional)
networks Static information about network names (optional)
passwd The password file (optional)
printcap The lpd printer capability database (optional)
profile Systemwide initialization file for sh shell logins (optional)
protocols IP protocol listing (optional)
resolv.conf Resolver configuration file (optional)
rpc RPC protocol listing (optional)
securetty TTY access control for root login (optional)
services Port names for network services (optional)
shells Pathnames of valid login shells (optional)
syslog.conf Configuration file for syslogd (optional)
mtab does not fit the static nature of
The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in /etc/X11 if the
corresponding subsystem is installed:
Systems that use the shadow password suite will have additional configuration
files in /etc (/etc/shadow and others) and programs in /usr/sbin (useradd,
usermod, and others).
On some Linux systems, this may be a symbolic link to /proc/mounts, in which
case this exception is not required.
Xconfig The configuration file for early versions of XFree86 (optional)
XF86Config The configuration file for XFree86 versions 3 and 4 (optional)
Xmodmap Global X11 keyboard modification file (optional) Subdirectories of
/etc/X11 may include those for xdm and for any other programs (some
window managers, for example) that need them.
The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in /sbin if the
corresponding subsystem is installed:
fastboot Reboot the system without checking the disks (optional)
fasthalt Stop the system without checking the disks (optional)
fdisk Partition table manipulator (optional)
fsck File system check and repair utility (optional)
fsck.* File system check and repair utility for a specific filesystem
(optional)
getty The getty program (optional)
Deciding what things go into "sbin" directories is simple: if a normal (not a
system administrator) user will ever run it directly, then it must be placed in
one of the "bin" directories.
Ordinary users should not have to place any of the sbin directories in their
path.
halt Command to stop the system (optional)
ifconfig Configure a network interface (optional)
init Initial process (optional)
mkfs Command to build a filesystem (optional)
mkfs.* Command to build a specific filesystem (optional)
mkswap Command to set up a swap area (optional)
reboot Command to reboot the system (optional)
route IP routing table utility (optional)
swapon Enable paging and swapping (optional)
swapoff Disable paging and swapping (optional)
update Daemon to periodically flush filesystem buffers (optional)
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, are required in
/usr.
bin Most user commands
include Header files included by C programs
lib Libraries
local Local hierarchy (empty after main installation)
sbin Non-vital system binaries
share Architecture-independent data
X11R6 X Window System, version 11 release 6 (optional)
games Games and educational binaries (optional)
src Source code (optional)
The following symbolic links to directories may be present.
This possibility is based on the need to preserve compatibility with older
systems until all implementations can be assumed to use the /var hierarchy.
/usr/spool -> /var/spool
/usr/tmp -> /var/tmp
/usr/spool/locks -> /var/lock
/usr/bin/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/bin
/usr/lib/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/lib/X11
/usr/include/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/include/X11
The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in /usr/bin, if the
corresponding subsystem is installed:
perl The Practical Extraction and Report Language (optional)
python The Python interpreted language (optional)
tclsh Simple shell containing Tcl interpreter (optional)
wish Simple Tcl/Tk windowing shell (optional)
expect Program for interactive dialog (optional)
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, must be in
/usr/local
bin Local binaries
games Local game binaries
include Local C header files
lib Local libraries
man Local online manuals
sbin Local system binaries
share Local architecture-independent hierarchy
src Local source code
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, must be in
/usr/share, if the corresponding subsystem is installed:
dict Word lists (optional)
doc Miscellaneous documentation (optional)
games Static data files for /usr/games (optional)
info GNU Info system's primary directory (optional)
locale Locale information (optional)
nls Message catalogs for Native language support (optional)
sgml SGML and XML data (optional)
terminfo Directories for terminfo database (optional)
tmac troff macros not distributed with groff (optional)
zoneinfo Timezone information and configuration (optional)
/usr/share/man contains manual information for commands and data under the /
and /usr filesystems.
Manual pages are stored in //man/. An explanation of,is given below.
man1: User programs
Manual pages that describe publicly accessible commands are contained in this
chapter. Most program documentation that a user will need to use is located
here.
man2: System calls
This section describes all of the system calls (requests for the kernel to
perform operations).
man3: Library functions and subroutines
Section 3 describes program library routines that are not direct calls to
kernel services. This and chapter 2 are only really of interest to programmers.
man4: Special files
Section 4 describes the special files, related driver functions, and networking
support available in the system. Typically, this includes the device files
found in /dev and the kernel interface to networking protocol support.
man5: File formats
The formats for many data files are documented in the section 5. This includes
various include files, program output files, and system files.
man6: Games
This chapter documents games, demos, and generally trivial programs. Different
people have various notions about how essential this is.
man7: Miscellaneous
Manual pages that are difficult to classify are designated as being section 7.
The troff and other text processing macro packages are found here.
man8: System administration
Programs used by system administrators for system operation and maintenance are
documented here.
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, must be in
/usr/share//, unless they are empty:
man1 User programs (optional)
man2 System calls (optional)
man3 Library calls (optional)
man4 Special files (optional)
man5 File formats (optional)
man6 Games (optional)
man7 Miscellaneous (optional)
man8 System administration (optional)
The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in /usr/share/misc, if
the corresponding subsystem is installed:
ascii ASCII character set table (optional)
magic Default list of magic numbers for the file command (optional)
termcap Terminal capability database (optional)
termcap.db Terminal capability database (optional)
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, must be in
/usr/share/sgml , if the corresponding subsystem is installed:
docbook docbook DTD (optional)
tei tei DTD (optional)
html html DTD (optional)
mathml mathml DTD (optional)
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, are required in
/var.
cache Application cache data
lib Variable state information
local Variable data for /usr/local
lock Lock files
log Log files and directories
opt Variable data for /opt
run Data relevant to running processes
spool Application spool data
tmp Temporary files preserved between system reboots
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, must be in /var, if
the corresponding subsystem is installed:
account Process accounting logs (optional)
crash System crash dumps (optional)
games Variable game data (optional)
mail User mailbox files (optional)
yp Network Information Service (NIS) database files (optional)
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, must be in
/var/lib, if the corresponding subsystem is installed:
Editor backup files and state (optional)
Packaging support files (optional)
State data for packages and subsystems (optional)
hwclock State directory for hwclock (optional)
xdm X display manager variable data (optional)
The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in /var/log , if the
corresponding subsystem is installed:
lastlog record of last login of each user
messages system messages from
syslogd wtmp
record of all logins and logouts
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, must be in
/var/spool, if the corresponding subsystem is installed:
lpd Printer spool directory (optional)
mqueue Outgoing mail queue (optional)
news News spool directory (optional)
rwho Rwhod files (optional)
uucp Spool directory for UUCP (optional)